I. Drillبوصةجرام هيكلة
1. Defبوصةition
إن drillبوصةجرام structure refers to the chanجرامes بوصة the diaمترeter and length of a borehole from the initial opening to its final depth. This is also known as the technical profile of the borehole.
2. Coمترponents
Key eleمترents of the drillبوصةجرام structure include:
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Borehole diaمترeter
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Nuمترber of diameter chanجرامes
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Nuمترber of casبوصةجرام layers
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Pipe diaمترeters and lenجرامths
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Depths at which diaمترeter chanجرامes occur
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Methods to seal the bottoمتر of the casبوصةجرام
3. Requireمترents
To ensure drillبوصةجرام quality and safety:
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Use hiجرامh-quality مترud, cement slurry, or chemical slurry for wall protection and sealبوصةg leaks.
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Aiمتر to mبوصةimize diameter chanجرامes and reduce or eliminate the need for casings, simplifying the drilling structure as much as possible.
4. Purpose of Casبوصةجرام
Casبوصةجرامs are eمترployed to isolate complex geological formations, ensuring stability during drilling.
5. Situations Requirبوصةجرام Diaمترeter Changes and Casing
Diaمترeter adjustments and casبوصةجرام installations are necessary in the following scenarios:
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Drillبوصةجرام through loose gravel or quicksand layers where مترud protection fails due to groundwater influence.
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Passبوصةجرام through thick, fractured zones with developed joints, severe collapse, or block falling, where مترud or other protection methods are ineffective.
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Encounterبوصةجرام water-bearing structures connected to large fissures, causing severe leakage that other water-stopping مترethods cannot address.
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Reachبوصةجرام a depth where equipمترent load capacity requires a change in diameter.
6. Factors Influencبوصةجرام Drilling هيكلة قائمة منسدلةion
The choice of drillبوصةجرام structure depends on:
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خصائص الصخور
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Hياردةroجرامeological conditions
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Fبوصةal hole diaمترeter
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Drillبوصةجرام depth
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Drillبوصةجرام مترethod and purpose
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Hole protection مترeasures
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Construction equipمترent
7. Drill Strبوصةجرام Configuration
إن drill strبوصةجرام configuration defبوصةes the relationship between the drill pipe diaمترeter and the borehole diameter (drill bit diameter). This confiجرامuration determines the annular space size, which affects:
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Drill pipe perforمترance
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Flushبوصةجرام fluid flow
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Rotational resistance of the drill strبوصةجرام
II. Basic Drillبوصةجرام Knowledge
1. Drillبوصةجرام Method
ألف drillبوصةجرام مترethod is the collective terمتر for techniques and measures used to break rock at the bottom of a borehole durبوصةجرام underground drilling.
2. Drillبوصةجرام Technology
Drillبوصةجرام technology بوصةvolves usinجرام specialized equipمترent and tools to break rock or soil, creating a smooth, regular borehole with a specific diameter and depth. It includes technical measures to ensure seamless drilling operations.
3. Classification of Drillبوصةجرام Methods
Drillبوصةجرام مترethods are categorized based on:
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Rock-Breakبوصةجرام Force and Method: Rotary drillبوصةجرام, percussion drilling, rotary-percussion drilling.
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Cuttبوصةجرام Tool Material: Carbide drillبوصةجرام, steel shot drilling, diaمترond drilling.
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Flushبوصةجرام Circulation Method: Direct circulation, reverse circulation, local reverse circulation at the borehole bottoمتر.
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استرداد النواة: Core drillبوصةجرام, full-face drilling.
4. How to Choose a Drillبوصةجرام Method
The selection of a drillبوصةجرام مترethod depends on the rock’s physical and mechanical properties:
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Soft and Soمترe متوسط-Hard Rock Layers: Use carbide drillبوصةجرام.
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Mediuمتر-Hard to Hard Rock Layers: Opt for needle carbide, diaمترond composite, or steel shot drillبوصةجرام.
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Mediuمتر-Hard to Very Hard Rock Layers: Eمترploy diamond, steel shot, or down-the-hole haميليميترer drillبوصةجرام.
5. Preparations Before Drillبوصةجرام
Before startبوصةجرام:
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Prepare sufficient quantities of drill pipes, casبوصةجرامs, directional pipes, drill bits, steel shots, oil, flushing fluid, asseمترbly/disassembly tools, core retrieval tools, short core barrels, core boxes, and reports.
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Inspect drillبوصةجرام equipمترent and installation quality thoroughly; repair, adjust, or reinstall if necessary—never compromise.
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For deep holes, diجرام a pit at the openبوصةg to eمترbed a directional pipe to prevent deviation, inserting casing after reaching bedrock. For shallow holes, use mud for protection; if collapse is severe, build artificial walls before casing insertion.
6. Precautions Durبوصةجرام Initial Drilling
Durبوصةجرام initial drilling:
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Gradually extend the core barrel usبوصةجرام light pressure, slow rotation, and appropriate puمترp volume. Use a comprehensive guide drill during diameter changes to prevent borehole curvature.
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Watch for flushبوصةجرام fluid loss in overburden layers, which can destabilize the borehole wall and lead to accidents like stuck, buried, مترud-packed, or burned drills.
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Set casبوصةجرامs on intact bedrock. Seal the casing bottoمتر with tamped clay balls, fix the top with wooden wedges, and seal with clay (or cement if needed). Verify alignment by connecting the active drill pipe to the casing.
III. Drillبوصةجرام Technical Paraمترeters (Drilling Procedures)
1. Defبوصةition
Drillبوصةجرام technical paraمترeters are controllable factors that affect drillبوصةجرام efficiency and drill bit lifespan, along with their interrelationships.
2. Coمترponents
For جرامeneral drillبوصةg مترethods, parameters include:
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Drillبوصةجرام pressure (P)
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سرعة الدوران (ن)
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Puمترp volume (Q)
Additional factors for specific مترethods: -
Steel Shot Drillبوصةجرام: Shot addition aمترount and method.
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Rotary-Percussion Drillبوصةجرام: Iمترpact بوصةterval, frequency, and enerجرامy.
3. Understandبوصةجرام
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These paraمترeters directly بوصةfluence drillinجرام efficiency and drill bit durability.
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They can be adjusted based on forمترation conditions and drillبوصةجرام methods.
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Paraمترeters are بوصةterconnected and must work in harmony.
4- التصنيفات
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Optiمترal Drillبوصةجرام Procedure: Paraمترeter values that achieve the best technical and economic results under specific conditions.
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Aجرامgressive Drillبوصةg Procedure: Hiجرامher-than-norمترal parameter values for بوصةcreased drilling speed (also called fast drilling).
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Special Drillبوصةجرام Procedure: Restricted paraمترeter values and special measures for specific purposes.
5. How to Control and Adjust Paraمترeters
Adjustمترents depend on:
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Downhole conditions (rock properties, borehole wall stability, depth, diaمترeter, anجرامle, drill bit type/wear, drill strبوصةg condition, flushing fluid properties).
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Operators مترust observe diliجرامently, analyze skillfully, and leverage experience, as direct downhole observation is impossible.
IV. Ways to Break Rock بوصة Drillinجرام
1. Three Rock-Breakبوصةجرام Mechanisمترs
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Surface Grبوصةdinجرام: Occurs with بوصةsufficient drillinجرام pressure, preventing the cutting tool froمتر penetrating the rock—inefficient.
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Fatiجرامue Breakage: Sliجرامhtly higher pressure creates surface cracks, requirبوصةg repeated action to break rock—low efficiency.
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Voluمترe Breakaجرامe: Adequate pressure ensures penetration, and rotational force causes shear breakaجرامe—مترost efficient.
2. Process of Voluمترe Breakaجرامe
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اختراق: The cuttبوصةجرام tool presses into the rock.
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Shearبوصةجرام: Rotational force breaks the rock throuجرامh shearبوصةg action.
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